Kebingungan umum

I have read that book. (Result: I know the content now.)

Saya sudah membaca buku itu. (Hasil: Saya tahu isinya sekarang.)

I have been reading that book. (Process: I am still reading it.)

Saya telah membaca buku itu. (Proses: Saya masih membacanya.)

She has lived here for ten years. (Focus on the fact of living here.)

Dia telah tinggal di sini selama sepuluh tahun. (Fokus pada fakta.)

She has been living here for ten years. (Focus on the duration and continuity.)

Dia telah tinggal di sini selama sepuluh tahun. (Fokus pada durasi dan kesinambungan.)

How long have you known him? (NOT: have you been knowing — "know" is a stative verb.)

Sudah berapa lama Anda mengenalnya? (BUKAN: have been knowing — "know" adalah kata kerja keadaan.)

I lived in London in 2019. (Finished time — "in 2019" is over.)

Saya tinggal di London pada tahun 2019. (Waktu selesai — "2019" sudah lewat.)

I have lived in London since 2019. (Unfinished time — still living there.)

Saya telah tinggal di London sejak 2019. (Waktu belum selesai — masih tinggal di sana.)

Did you see the movie? (Asking about a specific past occasion.)

Apakah kamu sudah menonton filmnya? (Bertanya tentang kesempatan tertentu di masa lalu.)

Have you seen the movie? (Asking about your experience up to now.)

Apakah kamu pernah menonton filmnya? (Bertanya tentang pengalamanmu sampai sekarang.)

Shakespeare wrote many plays. (He is dead — his career is finished.)

Shakespeare menulis banyak drama. (Dia sudah meninggal — kariernya telah berakhir.)

I was reading when the phone rang. (Reading was in progress; ringing interrupted it.)

Saya sedang membaca ketika telepon berdering. (Membaca sedang berlangsung; dering mengganggunya.)

She walked to school yesterday. (Completed action — just stating a fact.)

Dia berjalan ke sekolah kemarin. (Tindakan selesai — hanya menyatakan fakta.)

While I was cooking, he was watching TV. (Two parallel ongoing actions.)

Sementara saya memasak, dia menonton TV. (Dua tindakan paralel yang sedang berlangsung.)